Pleurodesis for recurrent malignant pleural effusions: the quest for the Holy Grail.

Recurrent and symptomatic pleural effusions are common in patients with malignancy. Up to 25% of patients with lung cancer and 50% of patients with breast cancer will develop a pleural effusion. Overall, mesothelioma, and breast and lung cancer, account for the majority of malignant pleural effusions [1]. A minority of effusions remain asymptomatic and few cancers involving the pleura can be cured by specific antineoplastic or hormonal treatment. Therefore, the majority of patients will need a procedure to remove the fluid and prevent recurrence.